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Table 4 Crude and Adjusted Odds Ratios for Agrochemical Association with CKDu

From: A pilot case-control study using a one health approach to evaluate behavioral, environmental, and occupational risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka

Factor

Control (N = 54)

n (%)

Case (N = 56)

n (%)

Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI)

Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)

Fertilizer

 Urea

38 (70%)

47 (84%)

2.20 (0.9, 5.5)

0.92 (0.3, 3.2)

 Muriate of Potash*

1 (2%)

0 (0%)

3.15 (1.4, 7.4)

1.86 (0.7, 5.1)

 Triple Super Phosphate

11 (20%)

21 (38%)

2.35 (1.0, 5.5)

1.84 (0.7, 5.2)

 Mud/Manure

11 (20%)

5 (9%)

0.38 (0.1, 1.2)

0.41 (0.1, 1.5)

Insecticide

 Carbosulfan

5 (9%)

3 (5%)

0.55 (0.13, 2.44)

0.48 (0.1, 2.5)

 Carbofuran

4 (7%)

4 (7%)

0.96 (0.23, 4.06)

0.47 (0.1, 2.4)

 Curateer

7 (13%)

6 (11%)

0.81 (0.25, 2.57)

0.74 (0.2, 2.8)

Herbicide

 Glyphosate*

19 (35%)

32 (57%)

2.46 (1.14, 5.30)

1.09 (0.4, 2.8)

 MCPA

24 (44%)

28 (50%)

1.25 (0.59, 2.65)

0.92 (0.4, 2.3)

 DPA

11 (20%)

17 (30%)

1.70 (0.71, 4.08)

0.88 (0.3, 2.5)

 Metamifop

8 (15%)

8 (14%)

0.96 (0.33, 2.77)

1.39 (0.4, 4.9)

  1. * p ≤ 0.05; Adjusted by age, gender, farming occupation and alcohol consumption